Linux Analysis Report
.i.elf

Overview

General Information

Sample name: .i.elf
Analysis ID: 1561769
MD5: e5940168886f77e0511035238d976b0a
SHA1: ebe648b8cbd999844e725915e00aad00011a9f4c
SHA256: c92d81d7adca77fda2be2826610ac3fbd0d35bfc917534397dd8660621a2b471
Tags: elfuser-abuse_ch
Infos:

Detection

Score: 68
Range: 0 - 100
Whitelisted: false

Signatures

Antivirus / Scanner detection for submitted sample
Multi AV Scanner detection for submitted file
Executes the "iptables" command to insert, remove and/or manipulate rules
Opens /proc/net/* files useful for finding connected devices and routers
Sample deletes itself
Creates hidden files and/or directories
ELF contains segments with high entropy indicating compressed/encrypted content
Enumerates processes within the "proc" file system
Executes commands using a shell command-line interpreter
Executes the "iptables" command used for managing IP filtering and manipulation
Reads the 'hosts' file potentially containing internal network hosts
Sample contains only a LOAD segment without any section mappings
Tries to connect to HTTP servers, but all servers are down (expired dropper behavior)
Uses the "uname" system call to query kernel version information (possible evasion)

Classification

AV Detection

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Source: .i.elf Avira: detected
Source: .i.elf ReversingLabs: Detection: 57%

Spreading

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Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6228) Opens: /proc/net/route Jump to behavior

Networking

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Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6238) Iptables executable using switch for changing the iptables rules: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 23 -j DROP Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6251) Iptables executable using switch for changing the iptables rules: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 7547 -j DROP Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6257) Iptables executable using switch for changing the iptables rules: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 5555 -j DROP Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6263) Iptables executable using switch for changing the iptables rules: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 5358 -j DROP Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6269) Iptables executable using switch for changing the iptables rules: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -D INPUT -j CWMP_CR Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6277) Iptables executable using switch for changing the iptables rules: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -X CWMP_CR Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6283) Iptables executable using switch for changing the iptables rules: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -I INPUT -p udp --dport 27986 -j ACCEPT Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6238) Iptables executable: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 23 -j DROP Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6251) Iptables executable: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 7547 -j DROP Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6257) Iptables executable: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 5555 -j DROP Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6263) Iptables executable: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 5358 -j DROP Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6269) Iptables executable: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -D INPUT -j CWMP_CR Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6277) Iptables executable: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -X CWMP_CR Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6283) Iptables executable: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -I INPUT -p udp --dport 27986 -j ACCEPT Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) Reads hosts file: /etc/hosts Jump to behavior
Source: global traffic TCP traffic: 192.168.2.23:43928 -> 91.189.91.42:443
Source: global traffic TCP traffic: 192.168.2.23:42836 -> 91.189.91.43:443
Source: global traffic TCP traffic: 192.168.2.23:42516 -> 109.202.202.202:80
Source: unknown TCP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 91.189.91.42
Source: unknown TCP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 91.189.91.43
Source: unknown TCP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 109.202.202.202
Source: unknown TCP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 91.189.91.42
Source: unknown TCP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 91.189.91.43
Source: unknown TCP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 109.202.202.202
Source: unknown TCP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 91.189.91.42
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 127.0.0.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 127.0.0.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 127.0.0.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 127.0.0.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 127.0.0.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 127.0.0.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 127.0.0.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 127.0.0.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: unknown UDP traffic detected without corresponding DNS query: 1.1.1.1
Source: global traffic DNS traffic detected: DNS query: router.utorrent.com
Source: global traffic DNS traffic detected: DNS query: router.bittorrent.com
Source: unknown Network traffic detected: HTTP traffic on port 43928 -> 443
Source: unknown Network traffic detected: HTTP traffic on port 42836 -> 443
Source: LOAD without section mappings Program segment: 0x10000
Source: classification engine Classification label: mal68.spre.evad.linELF@0/1@56/0

Persistence and Installation Behavior

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Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6238) Iptables executable using switch for changing the iptables rules: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 23 -j DROP Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6251) Iptables executable using switch for changing the iptables rules: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 7547 -j DROP Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6257) Iptables executable using switch for changing the iptables rules: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 5555 -j DROP Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6263) Iptables executable using switch for changing the iptables rules: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 5358 -j DROP Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6269) Iptables executable using switch for changing the iptables rules: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -D INPUT -j CWMP_CR Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6277) Iptables executable using switch for changing the iptables rules: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -X CWMP_CR Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6283) Iptables executable using switch for changing the iptables rules: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -I INPUT -p udp --dport 27986 -j ACCEPT Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) Directory: /tmp/.p Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/6230/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1582/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1582/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/3088/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/230/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/231/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/110/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1579/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1579/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/232/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/111/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1699/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1699/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/233/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/112/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1698/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1698/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1335/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1335/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/234/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/113/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/2302/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/2302/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1576/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1576/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1334/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1334/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/235/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/114/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/236/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/115/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/237/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/116/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/117/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/910/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/118/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/119/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/912/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/912/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/2307/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/2307/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/10/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/918/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/918/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/11/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/12/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/13/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/14/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/15/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/16/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/17/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/18/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1594/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1594/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/120/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1349/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1349/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/121/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/243/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/122/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/123/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/2/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/124/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/3/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/125/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/4/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1586/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1586/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1465/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1465/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1344/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1344/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/126/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/248/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/127/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/6/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1463/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1463/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/249/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/128/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/800/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/800/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/801/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/801/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/9/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/20/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1900/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/1900/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/21/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/22/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/23/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/24/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/25/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/26/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/27/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/6137/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/28/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/29/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/491/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/491/fd Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/250/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/251/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File opened: /proc/130/cmdline Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6234) Shell command executed: /bin/sh -c "iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 23 -j DROP" Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6246) Shell command executed: /bin/sh -c "iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 7547 -j DROP" Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6252) Shell command executed: /bin/sh -c "iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 5555 -j DROP" Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6258) Shell command executed: /bin/sh -c "iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 5358 -j DROP" Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6264) Shell command executed: /bin/sh -c "iptables -D INPUT -j CWMP_CR" Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6272) Shell command executed: /bin/sh -c "iptables -X CWMP_CR" Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6278) Shell command executed: /bin/sh -c "iptables -I INPUT -p udp --dport 27986 -j ACCEPT" Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6238) Iptables executable: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 23 -j DROP Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6251) Iptables executable: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 7547 -j DROP Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6257) Iptables executable: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 5555 -j DROP Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6263) Iptables executable: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 5358 -j DROP Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6269) Iptables executable: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -D INPUT -j CWMP_CR Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6277) Iptables executable: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -X CWMP_CR Jump to behavior
Source: /bin/sh (PID: 6283) Iptables executable: /usr/sbin/iptables -> iptables -I INPUT -p udp --dport 27986 -j ACCEPT Jump to behavior
Source: submitted sample Stderr: iptables v1.8.4 (legacy): Couldn't load target `CWMP_CR':No such file or directoryTry `iptables -h' or 'iptables --help' for more information.iptables: No chain/target/match by that name.: exit code = 0

Hooking and other Techniques for Hiding and Protection

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Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) File: /tmp/.i.elf Jump to behavior
Source: .i.elf Submission file: segment LOAD with 7.9915 entropy (max. 8.0)
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6228) Queries kernel information via 'uname': Jump to behavior
Source: /tmp/.i.elf (PID: 6230) Queries kernel information via 'uname': Jump to behavior
Source: .i.elf, 6228.1.000055e983883000.000055e983a11000.rw-.sdmp Binary or memory string: U!/etc/qemu-binfmt/arm
Source: .i.elf, 6228.1.00007ffd8673b000.00007ffd8675c000.rw-.sdmp Binary or memory string: x86_64/usr/bin/qemu-arm/tmp/.i.elfSUDO_USER=saturninoPATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/binDISPLAY=:1.0XAUTHORITY=/run/user/1000/gdm/XauthoritySUDO_UID=1000TERM=xterm-256colorCOLORTERM=truecolorLOGNAME=rootUSER=rootLANG=en_US.UTF-8SUDO_COMMAND=/bin/bashHOME=/rootMAIL=/var/mail/rootSUDO_GID=1000SHELL=/bin/bash/tmp/.i.elf
Source: .i.elf, 6228.1.000055e983883000.000055e983a11000.rw-.sdmp Binary or memory string: /etc/qemu-binfmt/arm
Source: .i.elf, 6228.1.00007ffd8673b000.00007ffd8675c000.rw-.sdmp Binary or memory string: /usr/bin/qemu-arm
  • No. of IPs < 25%
  • 25% < No. of IPs < 50%
  • 50% < No. of IPs < 75%
  • 75% < No. of IPs